基于WebGIS的绿化植物有害生物信息管理系统

阐述了构建技术与开发研究情况,该软件系统具有城市绿地有害生物远程信息分布浏览、统计分析、信息查询等功能.操作便捷,应用性强,适用面广,对于加强绿化植物有害生物信息网络化管理和宏观科学决策具有很高的应用价值.     

温度对红棕象甲实验种群生长发育及繁殖的影响

红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus(Olivier)是为害我国棕榈科植物的重要入侵害虫,为探明温度对该虫生长发育的影响,在室内设置19、22、26、30和33℃等5个温度梯度,观察各温度下红棕象甲的发育进度、存活率及生殖力,计算不同温度下实验种群参数。结果表明,19～30℃时,红棕象甲的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,世代平均发育历期在19、22、26、30℃时分别为214.9、141.4、74.1、63.2天。世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为14.2℃和1067.7日度。在22～33℃间,成虫的寿命随温度的升高而缩短,各温度下雄成虫寿命普遍比雌成虫长。单雌产卵量在26℃时最高,平均为267.8粒,19℃时最低,仅为30.5粒。26～30℃为红棕象甲最适宜生长发育温度范围,该范围内成虫繁殖力和种群内禀增长率(rm)最高。     

4种步甲属昆虫一龄幼虫形态学特征

采用Bousquet等创立的幼虫原生刚毛标记分类法对步甲属Carabus L.切鞘步甲亚属Apotomopterus Hope中的普通步甲南岭亚种Carabus(A.)sauteri nanlingensis Deuve et Tian、舜步甲南岭亚种C.(A.)shun floridus Cavazzutiet Ratti、石坑崆步甲C.(A.)shikengkong Deuve et Tian和阿氏步甲粤北亚种C.(A.)arrowi yubeicus Deuve et Tian的一龄幼虫形态特征进行了描述,并编制了这4种步甲一龄幼虫的分类检索表.     

不同改良材料对铜的吸附-解吸特性研究

用一次平衡实验法进行腐植酸、草炭、绿化植物废弃物、活化绿化植物废弃物和上海灰潮土对Cu2+吸附解吸特性的研究。结果表明:在相同pH条件下,所有材料对Cu2+的吸附量随平衡液中Cu2+浓度的增加而增大,其等温吸附曲线均能较好地用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程进行拟合。Cu2+初始浓度较小时,绿化植物废弃物、活化绿化植物废弃物和草炭对Cu2+的吸附量不受pH的影响;Cu2+初始浓度较大时,供试材料对Cu2+吸附量具有随pH值增加而增加的趋势,但随着pH的增加,供试材料对Cu2+的解吸率呈逐渐降低的趋势。腐植酸和灰潮土对Cu2+的吸附量随pH的增加有逐渐增大的现象,其解吸率则随pH增加先增大后减小。各供试材料中,绿化植物废弃物、活化绿化植物废弃物和草炭对重金属铜的吸持固定能力最强,环境调节控制能力最佳,对Cu2+的吸附容量大小顺序为绿化植物废弃物>活化绿化植物废弃物>草炭>腐植酸>灰潮土。绿化植物废弃物可以替代草炭用于城市土壤铜污染修复。     

伊乐藻对污染水体中氮、磷的净化效果及其克藻效应

为了科学评价伊乐藻在水生态修复中的实际应用价值,在模拟条件下初步研究了沉水植物伊乐藻（Elodea nuttallii）对污染水体中氮、磷的净化效果及其克藻效应。结果表明,伊乐藻对总氮、氨态氮、硝态氮和总磷均具有一定的净化效果,并且水体中氮、磷起始浓度越高,其去除效果越明显;不同生物量伊乐藻对河水中其他藻类均具有较强抑制作用,并且随着生物量增加,其克藻效应更加明显。     

Differences in Organic C Mineralization Between Aerobic and Submerged Conditions in Paddy Soils of Southern Jiangsu Province, China

Moisture regime plays a crucial role in the mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC). In this paper, the dynamics of SOC mineralization in typical paddy soils of Changshu, Jiangsu Province, China, was investigated by incubation test in laboratory. The differences in SOC mineralization under aerobic and submerged conditions of paddy soils were also studied. Results showed that the daily mineralization of SOC under different moisture regimes was significantly different in the whole incubation period, at the beginning of the incubation, it decreased quickly under aerobic condition, but increased rapidly under submerged condition, and both remained constant after 10 d of incubation. The differences in SOC mineralization were found to be mainly at the beginning period of the incubation and decreased along with the incubation time. Thus, the difference was not significantly different at the later incubation period. The respiration intensity, daily and cumulative mineralization of SOC under aerobic condition was 2.26–19.11, 0.96–2.41, and 0.96–2.41 times than those under submerged condition, respectively. Statistic analyses showed that the higher the contents of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, the more significant difference in respiration intensity between aerobic and submerged conditions, but the higher the contents of microbial biomass nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon, the more significant difference in daily mineralization of SOC between the two conditions. The decrease in soil microbial activity under submerged condition was the main reason leading to the decrease in respiration intensity, but the decrease in SOC mineralization was also correlated with the changes in dissolved organic carbon over the whole incubation period.     

Detection and characterization of bismerthiazol-resistance of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

The resistance to bismerthiazol in the Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae population in China has not been clearly determined. Three bismerthiazol-resistant mutants (1-1-1, 2-1-1, 4-1-1) of X. oryzae pv. oryzae were induced on rice plants and the characteristics were compared with their parental strain ZJ173. After 10 subcultures on fresh bismerthiazol-free nutrient agar plates and after being inoculation onto and re-isolation from untreated rice plants two times, the mutants remained pathogenicity on rice plants treated with 300 μg/ml bismerthiazol, indicating that the in vivo-induced bismerthiazol resistance was stable in vivo. The in vitro characteristics of the bismerthiazol-resistant mutants and a wild-type bismerthiazol-sensitive strain (ZJ173) were also compared. The three mutants grew faster than ZJ173 during the logarithmic growth phase but at the same rate during the decline phase. Bismerthiazol had protective and curative activity against strain ZJ173 but not against the three mutants. To evaluate the current degree of bismerthiazol resistance in field populations of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in China, 781 isolates of X. oryzae pv. oryzae were obtained from 1419 leaf samples collected from Yunnan, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Guangdong, Hainan, and Hunan Provinces in China from 2007 to 2009. The in vivo sensitivity of 505 of the 781 isolates to bismerthiazol was determined by applying them to rice plants treated with 300 μg/ml bismerthiazol and evaluating blast severity. The tested strains were considered resistant, if they showed <70% inhibition relative to strain ZJ173. Of the 505 isolates, 62 were resistant to bismerthiazol. The resistance frequencies among field population ranged from 0 to 21.1%, differed among the provinces, and was 11.2, 20.0 and 10.4% in 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively. Resistance determined in vivo was not related to resistance determined in vitro. The in vivo-induced bismerthiazol resistance identified in this study will serve as a base line for further studying bismerthiazol resistance in fields, and the current degree of bismerthiazol resistance in field populations of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in China determined would be useful for the rice growers for control of rice bacterial blight.     

上海地区悬铃木方翅网蝽种群动态及防治指标

定期调查了悬铃木方翅网蝽的虫口密度和悬铃木叶片的受害情况,利用悬铃木效益成本比,计算悬铃木方翅网蝽的经济允许损失水平,结合虫口密度与危害指数回归方程,确定了悬铃木方翅网蝽的防治指标.结果表明:悬铃木方翅网蝽卵、若虫、成虫1年有5个相对明显的高峰期,4月中下旬虫口密度开始上升,7月下旬至9月中旬为种群发生高峰.悬铃木方翅网蝽的经济允许损失水平为36.77％,其百叶虫量与危害指数间呈显著的Logistic回归,其关系式为Y=0.928 4/(1+e0.895 2-0.001 9x),防治指标为250头成若虫/百叶.根据“早防旱治”原则,在上海地区,悬铃木方翅网蝽在4月中下旬虫口密度达到防治指标时,需及时开展防治.     

上海典型植物群落土壤有机碳矿化特征

选择上海市5种典型植物群落采样并布置室内恒温培养试验,观测了土壤有机碳矿化量大小及动态变化过程,并比较了不同植物群落土壤有机碳矿化特征差异。结果表明,不同群落间土壤有机碳、微生物量碳质量分数差异显著,但均高于草坪;而同一群落内土壤有机碳、微生物量碳则随土层深度的增加而逐渐下降;培养期间,土壤有机碳矿化量高低顺序为桂花Osmanthus fragrans＞草坪（黑麦草Lolium perenne）＞樟树Cinnamomum camphora＞池杉Taxodium ascendens＞竹林（孝顺竹Bambusa multiplex）,不同植物群落间差异达显著水平（P＜0.05）;同一群落土壤有机碳矿化量随土层的加深而递减,但不同群落间递减幅度存在差异,其中降幅最大为池杉,降幅最小分别为桂花（20 ～ 40 cm）和竹林（40 ～ 60 cm）;培养期间,各植物群落土壤有机碳矿化动态变化过程趋势相同,均表现为培养前期快速下降,培养后期保持相对稳定的趋势,与培养时间之间符合对数关系,而有机碳累计矿化量与培养时间则符合显著的线性关系,各群落高低顺序为桂花＞草坪＞樟树＞池杉＞竹林。研究结果初步表明,相对于草坪,深根系植物能有效提高土壤有机碳和微生物量碳,提高土壤有机碳库质量分数。图3表4参20     

温度对褐边绿刺蛾实验种群生长发育及存活的影响

为揭示温度对褐边绿刺蛾生长发育的影响,在室内研究了温度对其各虫态发育进度和存活及生殖的影响,组建了不同温度下实验种群生命表。结果表明,20～30℃时褐边绿刺蛾发育速率随温度的升高而加快;卵、1、2、3、4、5、6、7龄幼虫、幼虫期、蛹、产卵前期和全世代的发育起点温度分别为8.73、10.22、7.76、15.19、10.65、13.04、12.41、11.79、11.43、8.79、17.48、8.75℃,有效积温分别为100.92、22.34、88.64、34.99、68.18、65.82、80.36、145.83、510.20、414.95、15.68、1159.30日度;成虫寿命随温度的升高而缩短,雄成虫寿命比雌成虫长;单雌产卵量在30℃下最高,平均为120.10粒,20℃下最低,仅为61.78粒。25～30℃为最适宜生长发育温度范围,成虫繁殖力高,种群趋势指数最大。